CONTENTS

Chapter One Relevant definitions and characteristics of medical device 1

Section One Defines and subdivision of medical device industry     1

First, industry’s definition   1

Second, industry’s subdivision  1

Third, classification of medical device     1

Fourth, medical apparatus of new and high technology     4

Section Two Medical device industry's industry chain introduction   4

Section Three Trade characteristic of medical device industry  5

First, the product is various in style and income of every industry is different       5

Second, high investments and high incomes of core of the trade     6

Third, natural resources and technological resource pair rely on     6

Section Four Trade importance in national economy   7

First, proportion of medical device industry to national economy     7

Second, influence analysis that medical device industry impact on national economy 7

Chapter Two Current situation analysis of international medical device industry  9

Section One Overall current situation of world medical device industry   9

First, current situation of the development of world medical device industry  9

Second, current situation analysis of international medical device market     11

Third, present international medical device market scale   14

Fourth, market analysis of global medical device industry  16

Fifth, development state analysis of international medical device industry     19

Sixth, development direction of world medical device industry   22

Section Two Development and study trend of international medical device industry    25

First, the apparatus is miniaturized, portable 26

Second, digitization, networked, intelligent, specialized      27

Third, open up the new field of diagnosis and treatment    27

Fourth, application of new technology make man-made organ  28

Fifth, regenerated medical treatment      28

Section Three U.S.A. medical device market situation 29

First, U.S.A. medical device market 29

Second, development trend of U.S.A. subdivision products       31

Third, tariff of U.S.A. medical device       34

Fourth, U.S.A. will legislate to limit medical device products advertisement    35

Fifth, research and development trend of new product of U.S.A. medical device industry   36

Section Four In-depth analysis of Japan medical device market       40

First, overview of Japan medical device industry  40

Second, current situation of the development of Japan medical device product market      46

Third, tactics that enter Japan medical device market 48

Section Five Analysis of European medical device market 51

First, the proportion that European medical device take global medical apparatus market 51

Second, European Union will issue medical device order   53

Third, Britain medical device market       54

Fourth, overview of Polish medical device market       56

Fifth, regulation trends of European medical device    60

Sixth, Requirement forecasting of European medical imaging display market in 2012  65

Chapter Three Development analysis of China medical device industry   68

Section One Development overview of medical device industry       68

First, the internationalization image of China medical device industry in 2007      68

Second, development trend of medical device industry of our country of 2007     75

Third, medical device industry shuffle shortly       79

Fourth, medical device industry of our country seeks sustainable development   84

Fifth, medical device industry meets the opportunity to develop fast       89

Section Two Analysis of current situation of the development of medical device industry    99

First, financing lease of medical apparatus court hospital and manufacturer to win together     99

Second, medical device industry’s normal development is stronger 104

Third, medical device industry's annual growth analysis     110

Fourth, centralized procurement management of medical device of our country is being strengthened in 2007    112

Fifth, the medical treatment electron industry of China's Mainland will grow vigorously       114

Sixth, the capital drive that China medical device explores world market 116

Seventh, our country will strengthen the amount of purchase of medical devices of villages and towns commune hospital  119

Section Three Development problem analysis of medical device industry      125

First, monitoring competence of bad incident of medical device of our country improve in 2007       125

Second, strengthen medical device new material industry must strengthen technological development  127

Third, medical device industry of our country needs to promote the capability and seek development    129

Fourth, medical device pursues improvement of regional marketing channel 133

Fifth, disparity of medical device industry of our country and world level are prominent      135

Sixth, medical device industry lower costs and increase benefit depends on innovation     136

Seventh, special renovation task analysis of medical device of our country of 2007    142

Section Four Forecast of development prospect of pharmacy enterprises in 2007      143

First, policy background of medical trade      143

Second, industry chain and pattern analysis of medical trade   147

Third, pharmacy enterprise's competition environmental analysis of 2007     149

Fourth, chance prospect of the market of 2007    157

Chapter Four Analysis of China medical device market    163

Section One Current situation analysis of China medical device market 163

First, demand of medical device of our country    163

Second, medical device resources of our country waste seriously   166

Third, medical device’s special renovation moves forward solidly     169

Fourth, the development potentiality of medical instrument market is enormous   170

Fifth, medical device market has a good prospect       182

Section Two Price analysis of China medical device market      188

First, Development and Reform Committee norm the raising price rate of implantable medical device for the first time       188

Second, subject problem that price of medical device market exists 191

Third,Difficult point and policy recommendations faced in price control   194

Forth,medical device market of 60 billion yuan grows thickly messily and alikely   196

Section Three Analysis of China medical device market of 2007      198

First, medical device market's products demand potentiality is great in 2007 198

Second, medical device market will grow and change in 2007   201

Third, medical device market of our country go strong wholly in 2007     204

Fourth, our country issue the first piece of medical device ISO13485 authentication certificate in 2007  207

Fifth, the top 50 of the profit on sales of medical device manufacturing company of 2007  208

Section Four Analysis of rural medical device market  210

First, analysis of rural medical device market       210

Second, the medical apparatus manufacturer fights with the rural market      213

Third, prospects analysis of low end market of medical device  217

Chapter Five Analysis of imports and exports market of medical device   227

Section One Imports analysis of medical device   227

First, import statistic of medical device of our country by products in 2007    227

Second, export analysis of rehabilitation products in 2007 248

Third, test of import medical device have new rules    252

Fourth, pack identifications of import medical device await to further standardize 253

Fifth, imports and exports analysis of medical treatment electronic equipment of China's Mainland  254

Section Two Exports analysis of medical device   258

First, export analysis of disposale consumptive material    258

Second, export statistic of medical device of our country by products in 2007      265

Third, imports and exports of medical device of our country present the favorable balance for the first time  282

Fourth, export analysis of medical device products of Jiangsu and Shandong in 2007       288

Fifth, foreign trade trend of health products and medical equipment of our country to Germany in the past 5 years       289

Sixth, the biggest problem that medical device export of our country faces is the brand     290

Section Three Trade situation analysis of medical device of our country       291

First, foreign trade situation analysis of medical device of our country of 2007     292

Second, main trading partner of medical device of our country 297

Third, medical device processing trade demands urgently to make the transition 299

Fourth, trend of medical device processing trade of our country      302

Section Four Influence that international medical device certification system impact on China  304

First, medical device industry of our country expects global authentication is unblocked    305

Second, comparison analysis of global medical device regulation    307

Third, introduction of medical device CE authentication of European Union   319

Chapter Six Medical device market analysis of main province and city of China    323

Section One Shenzhen      323

First, " Shenzhen manufacture " medical device sounds the world   323

Second, suggestion of promoting reform and development of health care industry of Shenzhen      329

Third, aim at international market, export of Shenzhen medical device increase by 70% every year       332

Fourth, Shenzhen will build medical device measure building and open up the overseas market     333

Fifth, Shenzhen medical device industry takes the lead in race in the whole country   334

Section Two Foshan   336

First, Foshan medical device industry rises and saves up strength to start out vigorously  336

Second, generalization advantage of Foshan medical device market is difficult to cash     340

Section Three Zhejiang Province     343

First, Zhejiang issue the measure and strengthen daily supervision of medical device production   343

Second, Zhejiang Province strengthen the surprise check of key medical device enterprises   344

Section Four Shanghai      345

First, Shanghai trace back to implantable medical device in the whole journey in 2007      345

Second, Shanghai develop into diagnosis hepatitis detector in 2007      346

Third, Shanghai strengthen and is in line with international standards, the medical device industry grow fast in 2007       347

Section Five Jiangsu Province  348

First, Jiangsu medical device industry is on the way of high benefit and high technology   348

Second, market surpervision purify the medical device industry, the competitive environment of Jiangsu is powerful       350

Third, Jiangsu Province adopt multiple action to standardize production the operation of medical device enterprise       352

Section Six Gansu Province      354

First, Gansu Province medical device management place can't be set up in the residential area     354

Second, Gansu Province notify medical device management enterprise's " blacklist " 355

Third, Gansu Province implement temporary provisions of implantable medical device management in 2007       355

Section Seven Other provinces and cities     356

First, the professional personnel of large-scale medical apparatus of Heilongjiang Province implement "admittance"       356

Second, Yunnan Province medical device improve safe level    357

Third, Shanxi medical apparatus equip and introduce to commune hospitals of village and town     359

Fourth, Jinxian becomes Jiangxi medical device industrial base       361

Fifth, Fujian Province strengthen supervision of production and management of medical device     361

Sixth, Henan medical device will implement centralized purchasing  363

Chapter Seven Market analysis of the hot products  365

Section One Analysis of China medical electronic instrument market      365

First, the instrument and meter industry of our country is entering brand-new developing period     365

Second, current situation and development trend of domestic and international tester       372

Third, future trend analysis of medical instrument technology   383

Section Two Analysis of ultrasonic diagnosis instrument market of our country     388

First, the market and technology analysis of international ultrasonic diagnosis instrument 389

Second, analysis of the product structure and technology current situation of our country 390

Third, of our country family planning system is in great demand to colored Doppler ultrasound apparatus    392

Fourth, analysis of future developing focus of products     401

Section Three Analysis of oral medical device market 406

First, overall pattern of market  406

Second, market share state of oral apparatus      412

Third, potential analysis of disposable oral medical device market   416

Fourth, the oral medical device sells well on the market     418

Fifth, tendency of oral medical device    420

Section Four Analysis of tumour radiotherapy apparatus market     424

First, development analysis of market    424

Second, radiotherapy technology analysis    428

Third, market demand of mammary gland checkout equipment is enormous 430

Fourth, future of the tumour radiotherapy apparatus of China  434

Fifth, market prediction of external cancer diagnosis products in 2009   439

Section Five Analysis of condom market 440

First, development analysis of healthy reproduction industry    440

Second, domestic condom state      442

Third, development trend of condom market of our country      444

Section Six Analysis of biomedical medical apparatus market    446

First, market analysis  446

Second, pacemaker    447

Third, blood glucose monitor series 452

Fourth, molecule diagnosis equipment market     456

Fifth, relevant apparatus of plastics 463

Sixth, market of artificial skeleton material     466

Section Seven Analysis of hemodialysis market    468

First, the demand current situation of hemodialysis     468

Second, competitiveness analysis of domestic machine     470

Third, competition analysis of blood glucose apparatus market       474

Section Eight Analysis of breathing machine and anaesthetizing machine market of China       475

First, classifies and positioning of market      475

Second, technology analysis of breathing machine and anaesthetizing machine  482

Third, development trend of breathing machine market     484

Section Nine Disposable medical device 486

First, analysis of disposable medical device market    486

Second, disposable medical device solves sterilization problem of medical device      488

Third, disposable medical device market develops fast      495

Section Ten Family health medical device     497

First, product category of family health medical device      497

Second, market prospects of home medical device     498

Third, medical device fights in different parts on family market  501

Fourth, market demand analysis of health Chinese medicine medical device       504

Fifth, prospects analysis of civil medical device market      506

Section Eleven Other medical device products     510

First, the new brain scanner has a bright future   510

Second, the development prospect of implantable neural regulator is considerable    514

Third, the microrobot which can make a reservation perfectly and guide the operation      518

Fourth, " conductive binder " will initiate the revolution of the medical device industry 519

Fifth, ready-to-use syringe sells well       520

Sixth, our country succeeds in researching and developing many kinds of medical apparatus and medical material       522

Seventh, our country succeeds in developing new " portable medical treatment pressure cabins "  527

Chapter Eight Medical device industry's structure and competition pattern   528

Section One Medical device industry's structure  528

First, overview of trade competition 528

Second, industry cluster analysis of China medical device 531

Third, regional sales situation of medical device  539

Fourth, three major difficult problems perplex the domestic medical device market's structural saturation      541

Section Two Property right pattern of medical device industry   554

First, overseas-funded enterprise   554

Second, comparison of Chinese and foreign enterprises   559

Third, OEM development of domestic medical device manufacturing industry obtains the new opportunity    562

Fourth, medical device industry's brand analysis 564

Chapter Nine Marketing analysis of China medical device market      574

Section One The selling modes of medical device enterprises  574

First, bid and purchase      574

Second, transnational purchase      576

Third, brand exhibition       576

Fourth, medical device sells " agency's " mode    579

Section Two Marketing tactics analysis of medical device   584

First, analysis and survey of main marketing way of medical device 584

Second, marketing outline summary of home medical device    587

Third, database marketing of medical device enterprise    592

Section Three Professional market analysis  598

First, state-run distribution unit of medical device 598

Second, trade market 599

Section Four Second hand medical device market      600

First, market potential of second hand medical device       600

Second, market norm of second hand medical device 603

Third, the arcane truth that the trans-corporation tries hard to recommend second hand medical device to permeate to Chinese market   606

Chapter Ten Key enterprises analysis of the trade    613

Section One Guangdong Well medical science scientific and technological Limited Company   613

First, company's overview  613

Second, company’s management overview in 2007    615

Third, company's trends    622

Section Two Beijing Wandong medical equipment Limited Company       623

First, company's overview  623

Second, company’s management overview in 2007    624

Third, company's trends    630

Section Three Shandong Xinhua medical device Limited Company 631

First, company's overview  631

Second, company’s management overview in 2007    632

Third, company's trends    638

Section Four Shenzhen Mindray Bio-medical treatment Electronics Limited Company 639

First, company's overview  639

Second, company's domestic and international market analysis      640

Third, company's trends    641

Section Five Weida medical scientific and technological Limited Company    644

First, company's overview  644

Second, company’s management overview in 2007    645

Third, main products   651

Section Six China medical device industrial company  652

First, company's overview  652

Second, company's trends       654

Section Seven Omron (China) Co., Ltd. 655

First, company's overview  655

Second, Omron is in China       657

Section Eight Shanghai Kindly enterprise development group limited company    659

First, company's overview  659

Second, main products      661

Section Nine Beijing Aerospace Changfeng Limited Company  662

First, company's overview  662

Second, company’s management overview in 2007    665

Third, company's trends    671

Section Ten Shanghai medical device Limited Company    673

First, company's overview  673

Second, company's trends       675

Section Eleven International famous medical device manufacturing enterprises   676

First, GE medical treatment systematic group      676

Second, Siemens 680

Third, Philips 684

Fourth, Bayer group   685

Chapter Eleven Development tactics of medical device industry 689

Section One Medical device industry's development strategy and countermeasure     690

First, adjust the trade structure, strengthen the competition capability    694

Second, strengthen legal system and administrative supervision efforts of medical device 696

Third, engineer and druggist should jointly research and develop   696

Section Two Investment tactics of medical device industry under that medical reform raises speed  699

First, impact on medical device industry of our country that medical reform raise speed    700

Second, medical device industry's investment tactics  702

Third, the integration marketing route out of the common and unique profit mode       703

Fourth, future strategy develops economical medical device    706

Section Three Market competitive strategy of enterprise    708

First, it is extremely urgent to fire brands       708

Second, strive for the project of supporting of the government 709

Third, develop the middle-and-low-grade products of high quality   712

Fourth, develop the apparatus of physical treatment and family medical treatment and health care instrument actively       713

Section Four Technology development tactics of medical device     714

First, industry and technology development overview of medical device 714

Second, thinking of industry and technology development of medical device of our country      717

Third, develop modern digital medical products and technology      725

Fourth, development suggestion of key products and of technology of future digitized medical device   728

Chapter Twelve Development environment and trend analysis of medical device       731

Section One The latest policy change of our country  731

First, our country will strengthen products authentication such as food and medical device,etc. in 2007 731

Second, medical device industry face quality rectification storm in 2007 733

Third, supervision of medical device industry of country is being further strengthened       736

Fourth, medical device industry faces shuffling after GMP begins pilot authentication 738

Fifth, the country makes" the metric system revision norm of medical equipment trade "    740

Sixth, registration threshold of medical device will improve 742

Section Two SWOT analysis of medical device industry's competition     744

First, development advantage  744

Second, inferior position of development       748

Third, development opportunity       753

Fourth, development threat      757

Section Three Chance analysis of China home medical device market   761

First, develop the products suitable for local clinic of medium and small-scale hospital to use   767

Second, develop the apparatus of physical treatment and family medical treatment and health care instrument actively       768

Third, women's health care and hairdressing apparatus is in great demand  768

Fourth, the massage utensil are in great demand in domestic and international markets   768

Section Four Development prediction of China medical device industry  769

First, China will be hopeful to become the largest medical device market in the world in 10 years    769

Second, prediction of development trend of China medical device industry   770

Third, medical device industry will become the future popular investment spot     779

Fourth, the market of medical apparatus favors the low consumption semiconductor products of high energy      781

Fifth, four major focuses of medical device industry of our country  787

Sixth, prediction of China medical device market of 2010   789

CHART CONTENTS

Chart: Global medical device’s sales share in 2005    16

Chart: Global medical device market's distribution situation in 2003       17

Chart: Comparison of relevant patent figures of global medical device   18

Chart: Market form of international medical device in 2005       24

Chart: Market scale of world medical device in 2005   25

Chart: Market scale of relevant medical apparatus of global cardiovascular diseases in 2005  25

Chart: U.S.A. endoscopic apparatus market in 2000-2006 31

Chart: The prediction of American molecule diagnosis market in 2007    31

Chart: American mercury sphygmomanometer market of 1998-2005      33

Chart: In 2006 market share of American sphygmomanometer products 34

Chart: Increase picture of U.S.A. sphygmomanometer market in 2006    34

Chart: American medical apparatus industry of 2005  35

Chart: Market value of relevant medical equipment of American cardiovascular vessel in 2005 35

Chart: The change of Japanese top ten manufacturers of medical apparatus in 2001-2002     48

Chart: Owing rate of medical device apparatus of every major kind of Japanese hospital in 2005    50

Chart: Owing rate of medical apparatus of Japanese clinic in 2005  50

Chart: Export situation of Japanese main medical device in 2005    50

Chart: The market distribution of Japanese medical equipment in 2002-2004      51

Chart: The market structure of Britain medical device in 2004  55

Chart:Increase scale of Britain medical device market in 1998-2004       55

Chart: Stat. of proportion that Medical device expenditure account for in British hospital in 2004     56

Chart: Market share of world medical dressing of 2006      58

Chart: The distribution of sales amount of top 40 global medical instrument manufacturer in 2006  64

Chart: Prediction of the development trend of glove products of operation of Europe of 2008  64

Chart: The market demand of European cardiac output tracking device in 1996-2006       65

Chart: Medical device market scale of our country of 1990-2005     166

Chart: The sales income rank of medical device industry in January - November of 2006  188

Chart: Prediction of the development trend of market scale of medical apparatus of our country of 2006-2011    201

Chart: The top 50 of the profit on sales of medical device manufacturing company in January - June of 2007      208

Chart: Foreign trade data of medical device of our country in 2002-2006      227

Chart: Main import goods data of medical device of our country of 2006       228

Chart：Main export goods data of medical device of our country of 2006      228

Chart: Main import country of medical device of our country in 2006      229

Chart: Main export country of medical device of our country in 2006      229

Chart: Foreign trade data of medical device of China and America in 2002-2006 230

Chart: Foreign trade data of medical device of China and Japanese in 2002-2006     230

Chart: Foreign trade data of medical device of China and German in 2002-2006 231

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in January of 2007      231

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in February of 2007    231

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in March of 2007 232

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in the first quarter of 2007       232

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in April of 2007    233

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in May of 2007     233

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in June of 2007    234

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in the second quarter of 2007       234

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in July of 2007     235

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in August of 2007       235

Chart: Import data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in the third quater of 2007       236

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in January of 2007  236

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in February of 2007       236

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in March of 2007     237

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in first quarter 2007       237

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in April of 2007 237

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in May of 2007 238

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in June of 2007       238

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in second quarter 2007       238

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in July of 2007  239

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc. in August of 2007    239

Chart: Import data of mechanical treatment utensil, massage utensil, artificial respirator,etc.in the third quater of 2007       239

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in January of 2007     240

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in February of 2007   240

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in March of 2007 240

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in the first quarter of 2007       240

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in April of 2007    241

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in May of 2007    241

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in June of 2007   241

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in the second quarter of 2007  242

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in July of 2007     242

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in August 2007    242

Chart: Import data of other breath utensils and gas masks in the third quater of 2007       243

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in January of 2007  243

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in February of 2007       244

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in March of 2007     244

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in the first quarter of 2007    245

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in April of 2007 245

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in May of 2007 Chart:    246

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in June of 2007       246

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in the second quarter of 2007     247

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in July of 2007 247

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in August of 2007    248

Chart: Import data of orthopaedic utensil, artificial human part, audiphone,etc. in the third quater of 2007    248

Chart: Export statistics of medical device of our country in the first half of 2007   249

Chart: The main export market of medical treatment and health care rehabilitation products of our country in the first half of 2007  250

Chart: Imports and exports tendency of medical treatment electronic equipment of China's Mainland of 2002-2007       255

Chart: Different difference tendency of foreign trade of the medical treatment electronic equipment of China's Mainland of 2002-2007       256

Chart: Medical treatment electronic equipment which amount of money of export is bigger in January - November of 2006      257

Chart: Medical treatment electronic equipment which amount of money of import is bigger in January - November of 2006      257

Chart: Export situation of disposable consumptive material of our country of 2002-2006    259

Chart: The top 10 enterprises of export of disposable consumptive material of our country in 2006 260

Chart: The five major countries of export of disposable consumptive material of our country in 2006      260

Chart: The main export assortment and market of disposable consumptive material of our country in 2006   262

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in January of 2007     265

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in February of 2007   265

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in March of 2007 266

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in the first quarter of 2007       266

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in April of 2007    267

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in May of 2007    267

Chart: Export data of instrument and utensil of medical treatment, surgery or veterinarian in June of 2007   268

Chart: Export data of instrument and u